Monitoring of Therapy Drug Monitorin（TDM） and Multidrug-resistant Organisms in Clinical Practice for Infection Control
　

【Abstract】
The widespread use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms（MDRO）, which bring severe challenges to clinical treatment and control of infections. MDRO infection is a critical threat, and the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infection（HAI）require multi-sectoral cooperation; the most important is in rationally using and managing antimicrobial agents. From a pharmacological perspective, this includes determining the following: the right patient, drug, time, dose, and route. Therapeutic drug monitoring（TDM）can assist the rational adjustment of antimicrobial dose in clinical settings.

【Key words】
Multidrug-resistant organisms, Healthcare-associated infection, Therapeutic drug monitoring, MDRO, HAI, TDM

Status of Antimicrobial Administration and Antimicrobial Resistance in China

【Abstract】
The Chinese government started advocating the rational use of antibiotics 20 years ago, and it is one of the first countries in the world to issue and implement a national action plan for curbing antibiotic resistance. This paper reviews the core strategies and main practices of the Chinese government in the management of antibiotics at different stages, and it briefly describes and analyzes the current situation of antibiotic resistance in China.

【Key words】
Chinese pharmaceutical policy, Antibiotics management, Rational drug use, Bacterial resistance

Applications of Pharmacometrics in the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance and MIPD
　

【Abstract】
The team approach of the infection control team（ICT） and the antimicrobial stewardship team（AST） contributes to the prevention of antimicrobial resistance. The activities of ICT and AST are defined as the health insurance system in Japan. The role of pharmacy services is especially important in AST. A board-certified system of infectious diseases and antimicrobial stewardship pharmacists have been established by The Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists and the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy.

【Key words】
AMR, PK/PD, MIPD, Pharmacometrics, TDM

Development and Prospects of Anti-AMR Drugs from Japan
　

【Abstract】
Antimicrobial resistance（AMR）is a significant issue for global health due to the increase in resistance and the decrease in newly-approved antimicrobials. The lack of development of new antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most significant issues. The current status and action plan for developing new antibiotics and tackling AMR, and the role of Japan in these are described.

【Key words】
Carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacteria, Beta-lactamase inhibitors, Siderophore beta-lactam antibiotic, Action plan on AMR